How do you connect a MIDI device?

What is MIDI?

MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It is a technical standard that describes communication protocols, digital interfaces, and electrical connectors that allow a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers, and other equipment to connect and communicate with each other (Wikipedia, 2023).

Some common types of MIDI devices include electronic keyboards, drum machines, sequencers, sound modules, samplers, synthesizers, MIDI controllers, software plugins, and more. MIDI allows these instruments and devices to send and receive performance data like note events, control signals, timing information, and more so they can play together in sync.

Common uses for MIDI include:

• Connecting keyboards, drums, and other instruments to record, edit, and play back performances and compositions using MIDI sequencing software.
• Triggering and controlling sounds and instruments from a central MIDI controller device.
• Synchronizing equipment timing and tempo via MIDI clock signals.
• Playing software synthesizers and samplers using MIDI performance data.
• Programming customizable performances into hardware instruments like drum machines.
• Live performance control of tones, effects, lighting, and more via MIDI protocols.

MIDI Cables

MIDI devices communicate via cables and connectors. There are a few common types of MIDI cables used to connect gear:

5-Pin DIN

The classic MIDI connector is a 5-pin DIN cable. DIN stands for “Deutsches Institut für Normung” which is the German national standards body that created the specification. 5-pin DIN cables have been used for MIDI since the 1980s.

5-pin DIN cables transfer MIDI data serially at 31.25 kbps. The connectors are circular with 5 pins and they only fit one way, so it’s easy to connect gear properly. Standard 5-pin DIN cables are limited to 15-50 feet in length before latency becomes an issue (Source: Perfect Circuit).

USB and FireWire

Many modern MIDI devices and controllers use USB or FireWire cables. USB/FireWire allow for higher bandwidth which reduces latency compared to DIN cables. They also provide power to the device. Standard USB cables can be up to 16 feet while active/amplified cables extend distances up to 65 feet.

Ethernet and Wireless

Some higher end gear uses Ethernet or wireless networking protocols to transmit MIDI data with extremely low latency over long distances. The CAT5/6 cabling used for Ethernet can extend up to 300 feet. Wireless MIDI solutions like WiFi allow freedom of movement when using controllers on stage or in the studio (Source: Wiringo).

So in summary, 5-pin DIN is the classic MIDI connector while USB is common today. Ethernet and wireless provide the most flexibility and range but require compatible gear.

MIDI Interfaces

A MIDI interface is a hardware device that allows MIDI devices like keyboards, synthesizers, and drum machines to connect to a computer and music production software.

MIDI interfaces act as the middleman for communication between your MIDI devices and computer. They convert the MIDI data into a format your computer can understand via USB or Thunderbolt connectivity. This allows you to record, edit, and playback MIDI data in a digital audio workstation (DAW).

If you are on a budget, some recommended entry-level MIDI interfaces are the Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD which provides two MIDI inputs and outputs, and the Roland UM-ONE which is a simple one input/output interface.

For pro and advanced use, recommended higher-end interfaces are the Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 which provides lots of I/O options, and the PreSonus Studio 24c which offers advanced integration features.

Choosing the right MIDI interface depends on your budget, the number of inputs/outputs you need, and any special features like MIDI merging/routing that your setup requires.

Connecting via 5-Pin DIN

The standard way to connect MIDI devices is through 5-pin DIN cables. These cables have 5 pins but only 3 are used for MIDI data transfer – pin 4 for MIDI OUT, pin 5 for MIDI IN, and pin 2 for MIDI THRU. Here is a diagram showing the 5-pin DIN MIDI connections:

The MIDI OUT port sends MIDI data from the device. The MIDI IN port receives MIDI data into the device. The MIDI THRU port passes any incoming MIDI data straight through to the next device in the chain. This allows multiple devices to be connected in series and receive the same MIDI messages. https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/midi-tutorial/hardware–electronic-implementation

So in summary, connect MIDI OUT from your sending device to MIDI IN on your receiving device using a standard 5-pin DIN cable. Use MIDI THRU to pass along the signal to additional devices in your setup.

Connecting via USB

Connecting a MIDI device to a computer via USB is one of the most common ways to set up a MIDI system. There are a couple things to consider when connecting via USB:

Class Compliant vs. Proprietary Drivers: Many MIDI devices and interfaces are “class compliant”, which means they work with the standard USB MIDI drivers included in operating systems like Windows and macOS. No additional drivers need to be installed. However, some devices require proprietary drivers provided by the manufacturer that enable special features or improve latency. Always check if your device needs any custom drivers before connecting via USB.

USB MIDI Cable Options: To connect via USB, you’ll need a USB cable with MIDI jacks on one or both ends. There are USB A to MIDI cables that go from a USB port to 5-pin DIN MIDI connections, and USB C to MIDI cables for connecting newer devices. Make sure the cable matches the connections on your gear. Some MIDI keyboards and interfaces have standard USB ports or USB-C ports built in, allowing you to use a standard USB cable.

Once connected via USB, the operating system should automatically recognize the MIDI device. From there, you can select it as a MIDI input and output in your music software.

Wireless MIDI Options

MIDI devices can connect wirelessly using Bluetooth or 2.4GHz wireless technology. This allows MIDI gear to communicate without cables, opening up more flexible setups. Here are some key wireless options:

Bluetooth MIDI – Many MIDI devices now support Bluetooth MIDI connections, allowing wireless control between gear. There are Bluetooth MIDI adapters like the Yamaha MD-BT01 that can add wireless capability. Bluetooth MIDI has shorter range but doesn’t require line of sight.

2.4GHz Wireless MIDI – Specialized 2.4GHz wireless systems like the CME WIDI Master transmit MIDI signals reliably up to 30m. This extended range allows more flexible studio or stage setups without cables. 2.4GHz requires line of sight between devices.

Wireless MIDI allows flexible placement of gear for live performances or in the studio. Bluetooth options add convenience while 2.4GHz provides extended wireless range. Latency can be a factor but optimizing operating systems and using latest hardware reduces issues.

MIDI Software Setup

Once you have your MIDI device connected, you’ll need to configure your Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) or music production software to recognize it. Most DAWs like Ableton Live, Logic Pro, Pro Tools, and FL Studio have MIDI input and output settings that you’ll need to enable.

Go into your DAW’s preferences or settings and look for the MIDI section. Make sure any connected MIDI devices are visible here. Enable MIDI input and output for tracks if your DAW requires it. Some DAWs automatically detect MIDI devices, while others require manual setup.

You may also need to configure MIDI routing between applications. For example, sending MIDI data from your hardware synth into your DAW. Most DAWs have MIDI routing options to specify which MIDI ports communicate. On Mac, you can also use Audio MIDI Setup for advanced routing.

Setting up MIDI properly in your software ensures your external devices integrate properly for recording, controlling virtual instruments, and more. Take time to learn your DAW’s MIDI functions and routing capabilities to unlock the full potential of your MIDI gear.

Troubleshooting Issues

Despite how convenient MIDI devices are for music production, you may occasionally run into problems getting your gear to work properly. Here are some common troubleshooting tips for issues like no MIDI input detected, latency problems, and other quirks.

No MIDI Input Detected

If your DAW or synth is not detecting any MIDI input from your controller, first check that the MIDI cables are securely connected at both ends. Try disconnecting and reconnecting the cables. Also try connecting the MIDI device directly to your computer rather than through a MIDI interface.

Refer to your device’s manual for specific troubleshooting steps. You may need to reinstall drivers or adjust MIDI settings in your DAW. As noted in this Sweetwater article, a full reboot can often resolve MIDI detection issues.

Latency Problems

Latency refers to a delay between pressing a key on your MIDI controller and hearing the sound. This is often caused by using low quality MIDI cables, an overloaded USB hub, or incorrect audio buffer settings in your DAW.

Try connecting your MIDI gear directly to your computer rather than through a USB hub. Make sure you are using high quality shielded MIDI cables. Refer to your DAW’s manual to adjust the audio buffer size – lower settings reduce latency but increase the risk of pops and clicks.

Other Common Issues

Intermittent MIDI connectivity, stuck notes, and other glitches can often be fixed by updating your MIDI interfaces to the latest firmware. As explained in this Sound on Sound article, tools like MIDI-OX can help diagnose problems by monitoring the raw MIDI data stream.

In some cases, you may need to adjust settings in your operating system’s MIDI setup or remap controls in your synth or DAW. Don’t hesitate to contact customer support for the developer if you cannot resolve an issue through basic troubleshooting.

Optimizing MIDI Gear

When setting up your MIDI devices, there are a few key things you can do to optimize performance and avoid issues:

Set MIDI channels properly – Make sure each of your MIDI devices is transmitting and receiving on the correct channels to avoid crosstalk. Read the manual for each device to configure the channels appropriately. Often, setting synths or sound modules to Omni mode (receiving on all channels) and setting MIDI controllers to a specific channel works best.

Avoid feedback loops – MIDI feedback loops can occur when the MIDI out of one device is connected to the MIDI in of another device further up the chain. This can result in hanging notes or other odd behaviors. Carefully check your cabling to ensure the MIDI signal is flowing in one direction only.

According to this Sound on Sound article, adjusting the velocity curve on MIDI keyboards can help optimize the dynamic range for MIDI instruments. Reduce local control settings that echo MIDI data back to its source.

Proper grounding and isolation of MIDI devices can help avoid interference. High quality shielded MIDI cables are recommended for best performance.

Examples and Tips

Setting up a MIDI system can seem daunting, but it’s quite straightforward once you understand the basics. Here are some tips and diagrams to help you get started:

Basic MIDI Keyboard to Computer

This is the most common MIDI setup. You simply need to connect a 5-pin DIN MIDI cable from your keyboard’s MIDI OUT to your audio interface or computer’s MIDI IN. Many modern MIDI keyboards also have USB connectivity, allowing you to connect via USB cable instead.

Image source: An Introduction to MIDI Connections

Connecting Multiple MIDI Devices

For more complex setups, you’ll need a MIDI interface with multiple ins and outs. Connect each MIDI Out to a MIDI In on the interface. Once everything is connected, the MIDI interface acts as the central hub between all your gear and computer.

Image source: Getting Started with MIDI Interfaces

Wireless MIDI Options

Want to cut the cord? Wireless MIDI solutions let you connect gear wirelessly via Bluetooth or radio. Some examples are the Yamaha MD-BT01 Bluetooth MIDI Adapter or Reloop RMP-1 Hybrid MIDI Mixer and Interface.

Pro Tips

• Always connect MIDI Out to MIDI In, never connect an Out to another Out.
• Use good quality shielded MIDI cables to avoid interference.
• Label your cables and keep things organized.
• Update firmware/drivers for MIDI interfaces regularly.
• Test connections and troubleshoot issues one device at a time.